Agda

Yayu Wang included in category Program_languages

2024-03-17 2024-04-24 696 words 4 minutes

Contents

Install

cabal

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cabal update
cabel install Agda

agda-mode

To load and type-check the file, use C-c C-l.
Agda is edited interactively, using “holes”, which are bits of the program that are not yet filled in. If you use a question mark as an expression, and load the buffer using C-c C-l, Agda replaces the question mark with a hole. There are several things you can do while the cursor is in a hole:
- C-c C-c: case split (asks for variable name)
- C-c C-space: fill in hole
- C-c C-r: refine with constructor
- C-c C-a: automatically fill in hole
- C-c C-,: goal type and context
- C-c C-.: goal type, context, and inferred type

translation

agda-input-show-translations

Naturals: Natural numbers

definition

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data ℕ : Set where
  zero : ℕ
  suc  : ℕ → ℕ

ℕ is the name of the datatype we are defining, and zero and suc (short for successor) are the constructors of the datatype.

Operations

add

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_+_ : ℕ → ℕ → ℕ
zero + n = n
(suc m) + n = suc (m + n)


_ : 2 + 3 ≡ 5
_ =
  begin
    2 + 3
  ≡⟨⟩    -- is shorthand for
    (suc (suc zero)) + (suc (suc (suc zero)))
  ≡⟨⟩    -- inductive case
    suc ((suc zero) + (suc (suc (suc zero))))
  ≡⟨⟩    -- inductive case
    suc (suc (zero + (suc (suc (suc zero)))))
  ≡⟨⟩    -- base case
    suc (suc (suc (suc (suc zero))))
  ≡⟨⟩    -- is longhand for
    5
  ∎

Language syntax

Comment

--
{- xx -}

pragma

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{-# BUILTIN NATURAL ℕ #-}

Import

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import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality as Eq
open Eq using (_≡_; refl)
open Eq.≡-Reasoning using (begin_; _≡⟨⟩_; _∎)

The second line opens that module, that is, adds all the names specified in the using clause into the current scope. In this case the names added are _≡_, the equality operator, and refl, the name for evidence that two terms are equal.
The third line takes a module that specifies operators to support reasoning about equivalence, and adds all the names specified in the using clause into the current scope. In this case, the names added are begin_, _≡⟨⟩_, and _∎.

underbars

Agda uses underbars to indicate where terms appear in infix or mixfix operators. Thus, _≡_ and _≡⟨⟩_ are infix (each operator is written between two terms), while begin_ is prefix (it is written before a term), and _∎ is postfix (it is written after a term).

Precedence

Application binds more tightly than (or has precedence over) any operator, and so we may write suc m + n to mean (suc m) + n
Function arrows associate to the right and application associates to the left
- ℕ → ℕ → ℕ stands for ℕ → (ℕ → ℕ)
- _+_ 2 3 stands for (_+_ 2) 3

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infixl 6  _+_  _∸_
infixl 7  _*_

-- infixl level

infixl ∸

-- associate to the left

infixr ∸

-- associate to the right

infix ∸

-- () is always required

Congruence

A relation is said to be a congruence for a given function if it is preserved by applying that function. If e is evidence that x ≡ y, then cong f e is evidence that f x ≡ f y, for any function f.
- Consecutive cong
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  cong (λ x → x O) (cong (λ x → x I) (to-from b))

symmetric

If e provides evidence for x ≡ y then sym e provides evidence for y ≡ x.

Implicit arguments

{ } in definition means arguments are implicit
_ asks Agda to infer the value of the explicit argument from context

With

The keyword with is followed by an expression and one or more subsequent lines. Each line begins with an ellipsis (…) and a vertical bar (|), followed by a pattern to be matched against the expression and the right-hand side of the equation.
Equivalent to x = helper: y → x where helper y = ...